the top. Ground cover under low input is an important factor in weed suppression and overall quality. Percent weed cover ratings in the different seasons also reflected those high ground cover ratings as several tall-fescue-dominated mixtures also contained the lowest weed percentages. Overall, the five-year trial yielded some interesting
results, both consistent with past research and in some cases, surprising and promising. For instance, two mixtures with small percentages of clover,DLFPS TFAStC (97 percent tall fescue, 3 percent strawberry clover) and DLFPS TFAM (97 percent tall fescue, 3 percent Microclover®
) finished in the top 25 percent of turfgrass
quality ratings at 75 and 50 percent of all locations, respectively. It is presumed that the nitrogen-fixing capability of the clover provides much needed nutrients to the turf. Not surprisingly, tall fescue entries such as Vitality Double, a 90/10 tall fescue/Kentucky bluegrass mixture performed well overall (finished in the top 25 percent of entries in 58.3 percent of all locations), along with Bullseye tall fescue, a standard entry in the trial (top 25 percent of all entries at 50 percent of all locations). And a hard fescue, Chewings fescue mixture,Vitality Low also finished in the top 25 percent of all entries at 50 percent of all locations.
Cool-Season Water Use With the need to reduce turfgrass water use, the
United States Golf Association (USGA) is partnering with NTEP to evaluate both cool- and warm-season grasses for water efficiency and performance under lower water use. Te USGA has paid to install rain exclusion shelters at ten sites, five in the northern or transition zones (to evaluate cool-season grasses) and five shelters in the southern U.S. to evaluate warm-season grass water use and drought tolerance. Within these shelters, cooperators restrict irrigation for a period of 100 days on cool-season grasses, or 120-150 days for warm-season grasses. Tese ‘drought seasons’ under the shelters are part of Approach 1, which is a measurement of the amount of water needed to maintain a prescribed level of green during that period.
Ten trial locations in the drier western U.S.
states (five each for cool-season and warm-season grasses) manage under Approach 2, which utilizes three evapotranspiration replacement rates (ETo
cool-season grasses, or 30, 45, or 60 percent ETo ). In Approach 2
locations, researchers replace either 40, 60, or 80 percent of ETo
(as determined by local weather station data) for for warm-
season grasses. Tis scenario is more typical of irrigation patterns in the western U.S. with 25 inches (635 mm) or less of annual rainfall. Approach 2 data indicates the reduced irrigation level each entry will survive, and at what level will each entry deliver acceptable turfgrass quality. Terefore, the two approaches address the needs
across the U.S., from the humid, eastern U.S. with 30-plus inches (762 plus mm) of annual rainfall but with occasional prolonged drought periods, to the arid western U.S. where annual summer drought periods are expected. Te warm-season version of this trial was
established at ten locations in the summer of 2018. Te cool-season version of this trial was established in fall 2016 or spring 2017 at ten total sites, five under rain exclusion shelters in the eastern U.S. (Approach 1) and five in western U.S. field sites (Approach 2). Te cool-season version includes fifteen Kentucky bluegrasses, nineteen tall fescues, and one perennial ryegrass (as a control entry). Te first data from the cool-season trial was
collected in 2017 at six of the ten locations. Four Approach 1 (shelter) locations collected data during a 100-day induced drought period, and in some cases, large differences were noted in the amount of water used by entries, however very small statistical differences were noted among entries. For 2018, we changed the re- watering procedure threshold to 65 percent green cover, as well as expanded our statistical analysis for all sites to include separate Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue tables. In 2018, all Approach 1 locations noted large differences in the water needed to maintain 65 percent green cover. Four locations that were unable to collect three
years of data by 2019, concluded their data collection in 2020. Te Fayetteville, AR, site’s (Approach 1) seasonal
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