Results
Dew Quantification Turfgrass species and time after sunrise affected the dew volume collected. More dew was held in the bermudagrass canopy at 0, 15, 45, 60, 75, and 90 MAS (Table 2) than was simultaneously observed in zoysiagrass. Te maximum dew volume retained in the bermudagrass canopy was 125 gal A-1
retained in the zoysiagrass canopy was 80 gal A-1
at 0 MAS, while the maximum dew volume MAS.
Tis report of ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass dew retention is higher than 50.4 gal A-1
collected between 6 and 7:30
am reported by McCurdy et al. (2017). Te results indicate that bermudagrass retains greater quantities of dew longer than zoysiagrass. Optimal timing for future remote sensing missions will be within 90 minutes of sunrise, based on the dew retention and duration patterns discussed here, but detection may vary due to sunlight, sun angle, and cloud cover.
Table 2. Average volume of dew collected from 1 square foot (0.0929 square meter) frame of ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass and ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass maintained at 1.25 inches (3.175 centimeters) on 15, 18, 23, 24 August 2024 in Starkville, MS.
Minutes after sunrise
Dew Volume (gal A-1
)
Bermud a
0
15 30 45 60 75 90
105 120 135 150 165 180
125 99
106 118 123 83 55 39 25 11 6 1 1
Zoysia
39 46 80 23 53 52 8
20 15 1 3 1 2
*** **
Ns *** *** *
**
Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns
*** indicates P ≤ 0.001, ** indicates P ≤ 0.01, * indicates P ≤ 0.05, ns indicates P ≥0.05
Remote Sensing Areas identified as bermudagrass and zoysiagrass by the Magic tool of R1 and R2 flights were in visual agreement with human annotations of bermudagrass and zoysiagrass in the area (Figures 1, 2). From the D1 flight, most areas of human-annotated bermudagrass contamination were detected and selected by the Magic tool, although some weak zoysiagrass areas were incorrectly detected as bermudagrass (Figure 3). Te Magic tool failed to detect some bermudagrass contamination and mislabeled zoysiagrass as bermudagrass in the D2 flight (Figure 4).
28 TPI Turf News September/October 2025
Figure 2. (a) Orthomosaic of adjacent stands of ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass and ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass on August 18, 2024 (R2). (b) Highlighted portion is the manual annotation of zoysiagrass and nonhighlighted area is hybrid bermudagrass. (c) Highlighted portion is zoysiagrass identified by the PIX4Dfields Magic selection tool following selection of cells representative of hybrid bermudagrass and zoysiagrass.
Pairwise Significanc e
A significant quantity of grass clippings, to the extent actively growing turfgrass could not be seen from above, was present on the field during the D2 flight, which had a lighter appearance than actively growing bermudagrass and zoysiagrass. Te Magic tool could not delineate bermudagrass contamination from zoysiagrass in orthomosaics from M1 and M2 (Figure 5). Te fields from M1 and M2 had areas of active harvesting and weak regrowth after harvest that did not have 100 percent ground cover, causing some zoysiagrass to have a lighter appearance than the ready-to-harvest sod.
Figure 1. (a) Orthomosaic of adjacent stands of ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass and ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass on June 12, 2024 (R1). (b) Highlighted portion is the manual annotation of zoysiagrass and nonhighlighted area is bermudagrass. (c) Highlighted portion is zoysiagrass identified by the PIX4Dfields Magic selection tool following selection of cells representative of bermudagrass and zoysiagrass.
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