Remote Sensing Aerial imagery was collected over the summer of 2024 from areas containing bermudagrass and zoysiagrass at a turfgrass research facility and from two sod farms. RGB images were captured using a Zenmuse X5S camera (DJI, Ltd., Shenzhen, China) mounted to a DJI Matrice M200 V2 unmanned aerial vehicle. Using PIX4Dfields (Prilly, Switzerland) images were stitched together and geometrically corrected to create orthomosaics. Within PIX4Dfields, orthomosaics were processed using the artificial intelligence-assisted “Magic selection tool” for supervised classification of bermudagrass and zoysiagrass by labeling sample grid squares of both turfgrasses, as described by Slezák et al. (2024). Manual, hand- drawn human annotations were created of patches of bermudagrass and were visually compared to the areas selected by the “Magic tool.” Imagery of abutting stands of ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass and ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass was collected from R. R. Foil Plant Science Research Center near Starkville, MS, USA, on 12 June and 18 August 2024, referred to here as flights R1 and R2. Flight R1 was conducted between 64 and 75 minutes after sunrise (MAS) at 75 feet (22.86 meters) above ground level (AGL). Flight R2 was conducted between 56 and 64 MAS at 80 feet (24.38 meters) AGL.
Imagery from a ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass field with bermudagrass contamination was collected at 100 feet (30.48 meters) AGL from McCurdy Sod Farm in Dyer, TN, USA, on 19 June and 31 July 2024, referred to as D1 and D2. Flight D1 was conducted between 108 and 118 MAS, and flight D2 was conducted between 83 and 98 MAS. Imagery from two ‘Palisades’ zoysiagrass fields with bermudagrass contamination and active harvesting was collected at 130 feet (39.62 meters) AGL from Sansing Sod Farm in Maben, MS, USA, on 17 July 2024, referred to as M1 and M2. Flight M1 was conducted from 59 to 67 MAS, and flight M2 was conducted from 76 to 91 MAS. Flight heights were chosen to maximize pixel resolution based on field size.
Bermudagrass Control A study evaluating 1×, 2×, and 4× rates of common herbicide treatments for bermudagrass control was initiated on June 24, 2024. Treatments included Fusilade II + Recognition, Pylex + Turflon Ester Ultra, Acclaim Extra + Turflon Ester Ultra, and glyphosate (Table 1). All treatments included NIS at 0.25% v/v. Treatments were applied in a carrier volume of 40 gallons per acre. Bermudagrass control was evaluated until dormancy. A Student-Newman-Keuls test was conducted within R Studio to compare treatments.
Table 1. Herbicide treatments applied to ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass on 24 June 2024 to evaluate bermudagrass control. Trt Active Ingredient
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11
12 13
Nontreated Fusilade II Recognition Fusilade II Recognition Fusilade II Recognition Pylex
Turflon Ester Ultra Pylex
Turflon Ester Ultra Pylex
Turflon Ester Ultra Acclaim Extra
Turflon Ester Ultra Acclaim Extra
Turflon Ester Ultra Acclaim Extra
Turflon Ester Ultra Glyphosate Glyphosate Glyphosate
TPI Turf News September/October 2025
Rate per Acre --
24 fl oz 1.29 oz 48 fl oz 2.58 oz 96 fl oz 5.16 oz
0.64 fl oz 20 fl oz
1.27 fl oz 40 fl oz
2.54 fl oz 80 fl oz 20 fl oz 32 fl oz 40 fl oz 64 fl oz 80 fl oz 128 fl oz 5 qt
10 qt 20 qt
X Rate --
1× 2× 4× 1× 2× 4× 1× 2×
4× 1×
2× 4×
27
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