ANSWERS TO “TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE” ON PAGE 36 Answers:


1. The answer is choice “b” or “Sedimentary structures created by living organisms that include burrows, borings, trails, tracks and coprolites.” The term “lebensspurren” translates into “traces of life.”


Choice “a” could refer to festoon cross bedding. Choice “c” refers to “current ripple marks.” Choice “d” is the definition of “load casts.” “Load casts” form when denser, wetter sediment slumps down into a less-dense layer below.


2. The answer is choice “a” or “A narrow (sidewalk-like) intertidal, reef buildup separating the sea from the shoreline.” Sorry, no Cretaceous land-dwelling tortoise here. Choice “c” describes a “wave-cut platform.” Choice “d” defines “trona ore.”


3. The answer is choice “b” or “Albian”, or “The youngest or uppermost stage or age of the Lower Cretaceous Period.” Choice “c” is the “Cenomanian.” Choice “d” is the “Berriasian.” Sorry, the Proterozoic does not apply here.


Mesozoic Era Cretaceous Period


Upper Cretaceous (Youngest to oldest)


Maastrichtian Campanian Santonian Coniacian Turonian Cenomanian


Lower Cretaceous (Youngest to oldest)


Albian Aptian


Barremian Hauterivian Valanginian Berriasian


4. The answer is “b” or “False.” Graptolites lived from Cambrian time to Carboniferous time.


(Rough sketch of graptolite)


5. The answer is choice “b” or “Y = 0.4X - 1.” The proof follows: Y = mX + b


(1)


m = (Y2 – Y1 / X2 - X1)(2) From points (0, -1) and (5, 1) we may write:


m = [1 – (-1)] / (5 –0) m = 2/5 = 0.4


1 = 0.4 (5) + b b = 1 -2 = -1


Thus, from (1): Y = 0.4X – 1


(3) (4)


Once we have “m” we can use the point (5, 1) to substi- tute into (1) and solve for “b”:


(5) (6)


(7) Equation (7) is our answer and corresponds to our choice “b”.


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Jan.Feb.Mar 2026 • TPG 41


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