vitro (Zhang et al., 2019). On the other hand, water extracts


of the fruiting body inhibited growth, migration, and invasive properties of various breast cancer cells in vitro, and reduced tumor growth in vivo (Tan et al., 2020). Te Bitter Tooth, Hydnellum


scabrosum, is basically inedible, but contains some very interesting medicinal compounds. Various cyathane diterpenes, especially sarcodonin G, show significant neurite outgrowth (neurogenesis) promoting activity (Shi et al., 2011). Much earlier work by Kita et al. (1998) found scabronines B, C, and E exhibit stimulating activity of the synthesis in nerve growth factor. Sarcodonin G (Dong et al., 2009) induced apoptosis (self-programmed death) in HeLa cell lines (see box on page 27), and five other human cancer cell lines. Te mechanism may be possible via caspase activation. Another compound, neosarcodonin C, showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in an early mouse study (Hirota et al., 2002). Scaly Tooth (Sarcodon squamosus)


extracts exhibit strong in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, as well as anti-proliferative and anti- invasive activity, and induce apoptosis (self-programmed death) in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Kaygusuz et al., 2021). Telomerase activity is an accepted


cancer marker and target. Water extracts of Sarcodon aspratus exhibit strong positive telomerase inhibition (Xu et al., 2014). Polysaccharides significantly induce apoptosis in HeLa cell lines via mitochondrial dysfunction associated with caspase pathways (Wang et al., 2018). Earlier work by Chen et al. (2013) found mycelium polysaccharides active against HeLa cell lines, but with


26 FUNGI Volume 15:1 Winter 2022


Chemical analysis of Sarcodon


imbricatus fruiting body. Constituents include atromentin, thelephoric acid, dehydrogyrocyanin,18–26% protein (16 amino acids), 35% total sugars, 26 fatty acids (including a high ratio of unsaturated), polyphenols, sterols, vitamins, and minerals. This mushroom hyper-accumulates cadmium and mercury, so caution is advised regarding collection sites, such as abandoned mines. Chemical analysis of H. scabrosum


fruiting body. Constituents include scabronines 1–2 and B–F; sarcodonins A, G, and M; scabronine H; and neosarcodonins A–C. Chemical analysis of S. squamosus fruiting body. Constituents include 26% dry weight protein, and is high in potassium and phosphorus.


significantly lower cytotoxicity against human liver cell lines than HeLa tumor cells, in comparison with chemotherapy drug 5-FU. A health beverage, manufactured in


Korea contains the dry mushroom as its main ingredient, along with licorice root, and leaves of Ginkgo biloba, persimmon, and elm.


References Cited


Alves, M.J., I. Ferreira, I. Lourenco, E. Costa, A. Martins, and M. Pintado. 2014. Wild mushroom extracts as inhibitors of bacterial biofilm formation. Pathogens 3(3): 667–679. Chen, Y., M. Hu, C. Wang, Y.L. Yang, J.H. Chen, J.N. Ding, and W.Q. Guo. 2013. Characterization and in vitro antitumor activity of polysaccharides from the mycelium of Sarcodon aspratus. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 52: 52–58. Dong, M., S.P. Chen, K. Kita, Y. Ichimura,


W.Z. Guo et al. 2009. Anti- proliferative and apoptosis-inducible activity of sarcodonin G from Sarcodon scabrosus in HeLa cells. International Journal of Oncology 34(1): 201–207.


Hirota, H., K. Morimura, and H. Shibata. 2002. Anti-inflammatory compounds from the bitter mushroom, Sarcodon scabrosus. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 66(1): 179–184.


Jantunen, H., N.S. Wasenius, M.A. Guzzardi, P. Iozzo, E. Kajantie et al. 2020. Physical activity and telomeres in old age: a longitudinal 10-year follow-up study. Gerontology 66(4): 315–322.


Kaygusuz, O., M. Secme, and M. Kaygusuz. 2021. Nutritional composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxi activities of the Scaly Tooth wild mushroom, Sarcodon squamosus (Agaricomycetes), from Turkey. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 23(6): 57–68.


Kita, T., Y. Takaya, Y. Oshima, T. Ohta, K. Aizawa, T. Hirano, and T. Inakuma. 1998. Scabronines B, C, D, E and F, novel diterpenoids showing stimulating activity of nerve growth factor-synthesis, from the mushroom Sarcodon scabrosus. Tetrahedron 54(39): 11877–11886.


Larsson, K.H., S. Svantesson, D. Miscevic, U. Köljalg, and E. Larsson. 2019. Reassessment of the generic limits for Hydnellum and Sarcodon (Telephorales, Badisiomycota). Mycokeys 54: 31–47.


Lubart, E., R. Segal, E. Haimov, M. Dan, Y. Baumoehl, and A. Leibovitz. 2011. Bacteremia in a multilevel geriatric hospital. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 12(3): 204–207.


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