SYSTEM DESIGN Drip line tips
Get the most out of a drip irrigation system installation with these guidelines. By Luz Staicer, CID
D
rip irrigation systems are becoming more popular as an irrigation method in agriculture due to their
reputation for water savings and overall efficiency, allowing growers to grow more economically and productively. By delivering water directly to plant roots, they can enhance resource efficiency and crop yields. However, the design process for these systems is a balancing act, involving a variety of technical considerations, mitigating potential issues and recognizing common myths.
Understanding the technical landscape
The most important part of establishing an optimal drip irrigation system is hydraulic design, which dictates water flow rates, pressure requirements and distribution uniformity. These factors are inherently tied to the limitations imposed by the water flow rate and pressure created from the source. Additionally, variables such as crop type and water needs, crop spacing, soil characteristics and terrain elevations all influence important decisions such as emission device selection, emitter spacing and pipe sizing.
Hydraulic calculations, including pressure loss assessments and flow changes along a lateral, are essential for ensuring optimal system performance and uniform water distribution across the field. Each component in a drip system contributes to these hydraulic calculations that determine the final design.
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A major determining factor in hydraulics and system design is the emitter type. Emitter technologies serve as the backbone of drip irrigation systems, each presenting unique advantages and limitations. Pressure-compensating emitters maintain a relatively consistent flow rate irrespective of pressure fluctuations within a range, ensuring uniform water distribution along the entire length of the drip hose. This allows more flexibility in pipe sizing and pressure variances, potentially reducing the cost of overall material.
In contrast, nonpressure compensating emitters, while more economical, will experience changes in flow due to pressure variations and may result in uneven watering. The price of material will often increase to reduce the pressure variances and mitigate this issue and its impact on system performance. Other innovations such as anti-siphon mechanisms and compensating, nonleak
emitters further enhance system reliability and longevity, addressing common site concerns and maintenance challenges.
Additionally, careful consideration of the water source and necessary filtration level is necessary for drip irrigation design. The quality and availability of the water source dictate factors such as the required pumping capacity and the extent of filtration needed. Effective filtration and water quality management are essential to prevent emitter clogging and system malfunctions. Various filtration systems, including screen, disc and media filters, can play a vital role in removing suspended solids and organic matter from the water source. It is imperative for each filtration system to align with the specific requirements of the chosen emitter and its associated orifice size, with designers ensuring sufficient pressure for backflushing and other maintenance procedures. Additionally, chemical treatments like chlorination or acidification
Regular maintenance practices such as flushing, cleaning, and chemical maintenance and treatments are essential to mitigate clogging risks and prolong the system’s lifespan.
Spring 2024 | Irrigation TODAY 17
Photos: Avid Water
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