Areas within IR that LLMs could augment


Use-case: A patient is recently diagnosed with a disease and wants to know all the treatment options available


 


patient and subspecialty empowerment


     


Figure 1. Patient prompting GPT-4 about least-invasive fibroid treatment options


procedural planning


atop its base model. Specifically, the release of the GPT-4 API and plug-in developer feature has allowed integration of GPT with third-party applications to create unique assistive tools, including data-analytic tools.


ease of communication


In this article, we discuss ready and potential applications in medical education, patient–physician communication, procedure planning, resource utilization and documentation.


Current state of LLMs OpenAI published their first Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) model in 2018.4


Since then, OpenAI has


updated and improved their model over multiple versions. Their latest version, GPT-4, was published in March of 2023 and attracts over 1.8 billion users per month. There are many other LLMs, including Google’s Bard, Microsoft’s Bing AI and Meta’s Llama.5,6,7 However, GPT-4 is the most widely popularized and has formed the basis for many of the early developments


12 IRQ | FALL 2023


Impact within medical education The utility of rapidly accessing medical information and communicating it in an accessible way can augment medical education and streamline curriculum development. In a 2023 study, GPT-4 was used to create readily accessible clinical vignettes and clinical case simulations, while its ability to model demographic diversity was assessed.8


Impact within clinical care Within clinical care, LLMs potentially possess substantial utility. They can assist in each of the following ways and beyond:


• Expediting diagnosis and treatment


• Pre-procedural planning (steps leading to a procedure rather than visual mapping)


• Easing communication from physician to physician and physician to patient


• Quickly accessing medical literature


• Assisting in many steps within the innovation process


LLM capabilities in IR Patient and subspecialty empowerment LLM chats are now integrated into web browsers such as Microsoft Bing, available for patients to query their medical conditions and treatment options. In today’s paradigm of shared clinical decision-making, an understanding of all treatment options—such as learning about uterine artery embolization in the treatment of fibroids—allows patients to make fully informed decisions. For healthcare providers, LLMs may assist in clinical management by providing management guidelines.


Procedural planning Pre-procedural care LLM integration into electronic medical health records may become a reality with the recent announcement of co-innovation between OpenAI and Epic Healthcare Systems.9


This


integration may bring a myriad of new possibilities, some of which may positively impact IR clinical workflow. Perhaps the first instance of its integration may support management of a provider’s inbox. In another, LLMs may be able to summarize patient states on a specialty-specific, dynamic dashboard by analyzing emergency notes, admission notes,


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