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moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae (Herath et al., 2012). H. influenzae remains a significant cause of otitis media and pediatric respiratory infections, though vaccination has dramatically reduced incidence in young children (Shooraj et al., 2019). Epicorazines A and B also inhibit


Pythium species (Brown et al., 1987), important pathogens in forestry and agriculture. Pythium insidiosum, a related oomycete, causes vision- threatening keratitis and responds better to antibiotics than antifungals (Gurnani et al., 2022). Liquid cultures of Podaxis have


yielded podaxisterol, absent from wild fruiting bodies, with mild antibacterial activity in several derivatives (Guo et al., 2022). Enzymes from Podaxis show potential applications in paper manufacturing, food and beverage processing, detergents, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and cancer radiotherapy (Sai et al., 2023). Finally, Podaxis also appears in


homeopathic practice for menstrual complaints, prolapsed uterus, irregular cycles, menorrhagia, ovaritis, and menopausal symptoms.


References Cited


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Al-Fatimi, M.A.A., W.D. Jülich, R. Jansen and U. Lindequist. 2006. Bioactive components of the traditionally used mushroom Podaxis pistillaris. eCAM 3(1): 87–92. Andrade, L.H.C., R.F.M. Barros, J.B. Lopes, and S.B. Sousa. 2021. Medicinal fungi used by rural communities in Northeastern Brazil. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 20(4): 982–989.


Bautista-Gonzalez, J.A., A. Montoya, R. Bye, M. Esqueda, and M.D.L.A. Herrera-Campos. 2022. Traditional knowledge of medicinal mushrooms and lichens of Yuman peoples in Northern Mexico. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 18(1): 1–17.


Bhatti, M.I. 2019. Mushroom markets around the world. MushRoaming. www.mushroaming.com/Mushroom_ Markets.


42 FUNGI Volume 19:2 Summer 2026


Brown, A.E., R. Finlay, and J.S. Ward. 1987. Antifungal compounds produced by Epicoccum purpurascens against soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 19(6): 657–664.


Cleland, J.B., and T.H. Johnston. 1933. Te ecology of the Aborigines of Central Australia; botanical notes. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 57: 113–124.


Da Silva Pimentel, B.A., P.S. Lannes- Costa, A.S. Viana, G. da S. Santos, et al. 2024. Molecular characterization, antimicrobial resistance and invasion of epithelial cells by Streptococcus agalactiae strains isolated from colonized pregnant women and newborns in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Journal of Applied Microbiology 135(8): lxae200.


Deffieux, G., M.A. Baute, R. Baute, and M.J. Filleau. 1978. New antibiotics from the fungus Epicoccum nigrum. II. Epicorazine A: structure elucidation and absolute configuration. Journal of Antibiotics (Tokyo) 31(11): 1102–1105.


Felger, R.S., and M.B. Moser. 1974. Te traditional pharmacopoeia of the Seri Indians of Sonora, Mexico. Economic Botany 28(4): 414–436.


Gérault, A., and D. Toen. 1992. Les champignons dans les pharmacopees traditionelles de l’Afrique de L’Ouest. Revue de Medecine et de Pharmacie Africa 1(1): 45–53. Guo, H., J.M. Daniel, E. Seibel, I Burkhardt, B.H. Conlon, et al. 2022. Insights into the metabolomic capacity of Podaxis and isolation of podaxisterols A-D, ergosterol derivatives carrying nitrosyl cyanide- derived modifications. Journal of Natural Products 85(9): 2159–2167.


Gurnani, B., K. Kaur, S. Agarwal, V.G Lalgudi, N.S. Shekhawat, et al. 2022. Pythium insidiosum keratitis: past, present, and future. Ophthalmology and Terapy 11(5): 1629–1653.


Harwoko, H., G. Delatos, F. Stuhldreier, J.H. Lee, S. Wesselborg, et al. 2021. Dithiodiketopiperazine derivatives from endophytic fungi Trichoderma harzianum and Epicoccum nigrum. Natural Product Research 35(2): 257–265.


Herath, K., H. Jayasuriya, D.L. Zink, J. Sigmund, F. Vicente, et al. 2012. Isolation, structure elucidation, and antibacterial activity of methiosetin,


a tetramic acid from a tropical sooty mold (Capnodium sp.). Journal of Natural Products 75(3): 420–424. Khan, S.M., D.A. Khan, and R.H. Kurtzman. 1979. Temperature studies on Podaxis pistillaris. Mycologia 71(4): 861–867.


Kleinwächter, P., H.M. Dahse, U. Luhmann, B. Schlegel, and K. Domberger. 2001. Epicorizine C, an anti-microbial metabolite from Stereum hirsutum HKJ 0195. Journal of Antibiotics 54(6): 521–525.


Li, G.S., C.A. Leal-Dutra, A. Cuesta Maté, B.H. Conlon, N. Peereboom, et al. 2023. Resolution of eleven reported and five novel Podaxis species based on ITS phylogeny, phylogenomics, morphology, ecology, and geographic distribution. Persoonia 51: 257–279.


Lindequist, U., T.H.J. Niedermeyer, and W.D. Jülich. 2005. Te Pharmacological potential of mushrooms. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2(3): 285–299.


Medina-Ortiz, A.J., T. Herrera, A.M. Vásquez-Dávila, H.A. Raja, and M. Figueroa. 2017. Te genus Podaxis in arid regions of Mexico: preliminary ITS phylogeny and ethnomycological use. MycoKeys 20: 17–36.


Mridu, A.N.S. 2015. Podaxis pistillaris—a common wild edible mushroom from Haryana (India) and its sociobiology. Kavaka 44: 34–37.


Mushin, T., A.H. Al-Duboon, and K. Khalaf. 2014. Antimicrobial bioactive compound isolated from Podaxis pistillaris in southern Iraq. In: Farooq, S.A., R. Abed, and S. Baqir, editors; Biotechnology and Conservation of Species from Arid Regions, Vol 2. New York: Nova Science Publishers; pp. 371–379.


Panwar, C., and D.K. Purohit. 2002. Antimicrobial activities of Podaxis pistillaris and Phellorinia inquinans against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. Mushroom Research 11: 43–44.


Quiñónez-Martínez, M., N.A. Martínez- Escobedo, J.A. Nájera-Medellín, et al. 2023. Analisis proximal, actividad antimicrobiana y crecimiento in vitro de Podaxis pistillaris s.l. TIP Revista Especializada en Ciencias QuímicoBiológicas 26: e548.


Sai, I., and R. Basavarju. 2020. Nutritional composition and antimicrobial activity of two wild edible mushrooms from Audhra


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