advances have been made in the basic science, superficial venous, IVCF, thrombectomy and deep venous spaces, the understanding and implementation of venous disease–specific therapies remains in its infancy. The interventional radiology community looks forward to its continued involvement in the advancement and success of venous disease treatments.


References


1. Henke P, Sharma S, Wakefield T, Myers D, Obi A. Insights from experimental post-thrombotic syndrome and potential for novel therapies. Transl Res. 2020;225:95–104.


2. Comerota AJ, Oostra C, Fayad Z, Gunning W, Henke P, Luke C, et al. A histological and functional description of the tissue causing chronic postthrombotic venous obstruction. Thromb Res. 2015;135(5):882–7.


3. van den Bos R, Arends L, Kockaert M, Neumann M, Nijsten T. Endovenous therapies of lower extremity varicosities: A meta-analysis. J Vasc Surg. 2009;49(1):230–9.


4. Morrison N, Kolluri R, Vasquez M, Madsen M, Jones A, Gibson K. Comparison of cyanoacrylate closure and radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of incompetent great saphenous veins: 36-Month outcomes of the VeClose randomized controlled trial. Phlebology. 2019;34(6):380–390.


5. Witte ME, Zeebregts CJ, de Borst GJ, Reijnen M, Boersma D. Mechanochemical endovenous ablation of saphenous veins using the ClariVein: A systematic review. Phlebology. 2017;32(10):649–57.


6. Todd KL, Wright DI, Group V-I. The VANISH-2 study: A randomized, blinded, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of polidocanol endovenous microfoam 0.5% and 1.0% compared with placebo for the treatment of saphenofemoral junction incompetence. Phlebology. 2014;29(9):608–18.


7. Wright DD, Paty J, Turner-Bowker DM, Bradbury A. Psychometric evaluation of a new patient- reported outcome (PRO) symptom diary for varicose veins: VVSymQ® Instrument. Patient. 2016;9(4):335–48.


8. Lurie F, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. J Vasc Surg. 2020;8(3):342–352.


9. Yang L, Wang X, Wei Z, Zhu C, Liu J, Han Y. The clinical outcomes of endovenous microwave and laser ablation for varicose veins: A prospective study. Surgery. 2020;168(5):909–914.


10. Whiteley MS. High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for the treatment of varicose veins and venous leg ulcers–a new non-invasive procedure and a potentially disruptive technology. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2020;36(3),509–512.


11. Weinberg I, Vedantham S, Salter A, Hadley G, Al-Hammadi N, Kearon C, Julian JA, Razavi, MK, Gornik, HL, Goldhaber SZ and Comerota AJ. Relationships between the use of pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis, sonographic findings, and clinical outcomes in patients with acute proximal DVT: Results from the ATTRACT Multicenter Randomized Trial. Vasc Med. 2019;24(5):442–451.


12. Comerota AJ, Kearon C, Gu CS, Julian JA, Goldhaber SZ, Kahn SR, Jaff MR, Razavi MK, Kindzelski AL, Bashir R, Patel P. Endovascular thrombus removal for acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis: analysis from a stratified multicenter randomized trial. Circulation, 2019;139(9):1162–1173.


13. Hollingsworth CM, Mead T. Inferior Vena Caval Thrombosis. StatPearls Publishing. 2021


14. Chick JFB, Osher ML, Cooper KJ, Saad WE, Williams DM, Khaja MS. Gianturco Z-Stent fixation of a modified iliac limb stent-graft endoprosthesis for the treatment of malignant superior vena cava syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg. 2017;45:263.e1-263.e4.


15. “Cook's Zilver Vena Venous Stent Supported by 12-Month VIVO Study Results.” Endovascular Today, Bryn Mawr Communications, evtoday. com/news/cooks-zilver-vena-venous-stent- supported-by-12-month-vivo-study-results.


16. Razavi MK, Black S, Gagne P, Chiacchierini R, Nicolini P, Marston W, VIRTUS Investigators. Pivotal study of endovenous stent placement for symptomatic iliofemoral venous obstruction. Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions, 2019;12(12);008268.


17. Razavi M, Marston W, Black S, Bentley D, Neglén P. The initial report on 1-year outcomes of the feasibility study of the VENITI VICI VENOUS STENT in symptomatic iliofemoral venous obstruction. J Vasc Surg. 2016;6(2):192–200.


18. “Twelve-Month VERNACULAR Data for Venovo Venous Stent Presented at SIR 2019.” Endovascular Today, Bryn Mawr Communications, evtoday. com/news/twelve-month-vernacular-data-for- venovo-venous-stent-presented-at-sir-2019.


19. Lichtenberg MKW, de Graaf R, Stahlhoff WF, Özkapi A, Rassaf T, Breuckmann F. Venovo venous stent in the treatment of non-thrombotic or post-thrombotic iliac vein lesions—short-term results from the Arnsberg venous registry. Vasa. 2019 Mar;48(2):175–180.


20. Medtronic. “Abre Venous Stent—Clinical Evidence.” Medtronic, www.medtronic.com/ us-en/healthcare-professionals/products/ cardiovascular/deep-venous/abre-venous-stent/ clinical-evidence.html.


HISTORY OF IR TIMELINE


Related resources 1. Rösch J, Keller FS, and Kaufman, JA. The birth, early years, and future of interventional radiology. J Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2003 14: 841–853. 2. Geddes A, Geddes L. The Catheter Introducers. 1993. Cook Group Incorporated, Mobium Press, Chicago. 3. Rodengen, JL. The Ship in the Balloon: The Story of Boston Scientific and the Development of Less-Invasive Medicine. 2001. Write Stuff Enterprises, Inc. 4. Murphy TP, Soares GM. The evolution of interventional radiology. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2005 Mar;22(1):6–9. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-869570.


5. Marx MV. Evolution of Interventional Radiology and ABR certification: Birth of the ABR certificate in Interventional Radiology and Diagnostic Radiology. theabr.org/ wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IRDR-history.pdf.


6. Kheyfits A. Yttrium-90 radioembolization. Radiology Today. 2010 October;11(9):20. 7. Baum R, Baum S. Interventional radiology: A half century of innovation. Radiology. 2014;273:2S, S75–S91


2017 2018


Peripheral arterial embolization is approved for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.


2019


FDA approves first venous stent.


2020


The Independent IR Residency begins.


18 IRQ | SPRING 2021 SUPPLEMENT


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20