ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON PAGE 36 1. The answer is choice “c” or “This animal was a carnivore of the Permian age.
”Dimetrodon” had both mammalian and reptilian characteristics. It preceded the advent of the dinosaurs by about 40 million years and was one of the largest and dominant carnivores of the Permian Period. Like the herbivore edaphosaurus, it displayed a prominent sail on its back. Dimetrodon had a large skull with two types of teeth; sharp canines and shearing teeth.
Choice “a” best describes “edaphosaurus.” Choice “b” may describe a great predator such as “allosaurus”
2. The answer is choice “b” or “Are crescent-shaped with horns pointing downwind that are commonly found in areas of constant wind and limited sand supply.”
Choice “a” best describes “parabolic dunes.” Choice “c” best describes “longitudinal dunes.”
3. The answer is choice “c” or “MRIL” or magnetic resonance image log. The DLL-MLL (dual laterolog-micro laterolog) is a good resistivity tool that is used in salt water drilling muds. The FDC-CNL (compensated density-neutron log) is a good porosity tool commonly used in the industry.
4. The answer is choice “c” or “earthquakes.”
The Modified Mercalli scale measures the effect of an earthquake and attempts to quantify its intensity based on human accounts and damage as seen on objects of nature and man-made structures. The Modified Mercalli scale ranges from I (not felt) to XII (total destruction). It is very distinct from the Richter scale and the Moment Magnitude scale, which are measures of the amount of energy released by the earthquake event.
5. The answer is choice “a” or [P’ = 2279 psf and u = 3000 psf]. The proof follows: At the base of the clay, the total vertical stress (P) is: P = (Hw) * ( w) + (Hs) * (ss) + (Hc) * (sc)
(1)
P = (10 ft) * (62.5 pcf) + (26 ft) * (125 pcf) + (12 ft) * (117 pcf) P = 5279 psf
The pore-water pressure at the base of the clay is: u = [(Hw) + (Hss) + (Hsc)] * w
u = (10 + 26 + 12) ft * (62.5 pcf) u = 3000 psf
(4)
By definition, the effective stress is total stress minus the pore-water pressure. Thus, P’ = P – u
(5)
Substituting (2) and (4) into (5), we obtain: P’ = (5279 – 3000) psf = 2279 psf
Equations (4) and (6) are the values we were asked to calculate. (6) (2) (3)
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www.aipg.org Jul.Aug.Sep 2017 • TPG 41
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