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important traits in a given environment and management system. For example, although many cows produce too little milk, in every management system, there is a point beyond which higher levels of milk production may reduce fertility and decrease profit.


Outcrossing: Mating of individuals that are less closely related than the average of the breed. Commercial breeders and some purebred breeders should be outcrossing by periodically adding new sires that are unrelated to their cow herd. This outcrossing should reduce the possibility of loss of vigor due to inbreeding.


Pasture Bred: A cow serviced by a bull in pasture.


Pedigree: A tabulation of names of ancestors, usually only those of the three to five closest generations.


Performance Data: The record of the individual animal for reproduction, production and possibly carcass merit. Traits included would be birth, weaning and yearling weights, calving ease, calving interval, milk production, etc.


Performance Pedigree: A pedigree that includes performance records of ancestors, half-and full-sibs and progeny in addition to the usual pedigree information. Also, the performance information systematically combined to list estimated breeding values on the pedigrees by some breed associations.


Phenotype: The visible or measurable expression of a character, for example, weaning weight, postweaning gain, reproduction, etc. Phenotype is influenced by genotype and environment.


Phenotypic Correlations: Correlations between two traits caused by both genetic and environmental factors influencing both traits.


Prepotent: The ability of a parent to transmit its characteristics on its offspring so that they resemble that parent, or each other, more than usual. Homozygous dominant individuals are prepotent. Also, inbred cattle tend to be more prepotent than outbred cattle.


Progeny Records: The average, comparative performance of the progeny of sires and dams.


Progeny Testing: Evaluating the genotype of an individual by a study of its progeny records.


Protein Supplement: A food substance containing high concentrations of protein, for example, cottonseed meal, canola meal, or soybean meal.


Puberty: The age at which the reproductive organs become functionally operative and secondary sex characteristics begin to develop.


Purebred: An animal of known ancestry within a recognized breed that is eligible for registry in the official herd book of that breed.


Qualitative Traits: Those traits in which there is a sharp distinction between phenotypes, such as black and white or polled and horned. Usually, only one or a few pairs of genes are involved in the expression of qualitative traits.


Quantitative Traits: Those traits in which there is no sharp distinction between phenotypes, with a gradual variation from one phenotype to another, such as weaning weight. Usually, many gene pairs and environmental influences are involved.


Recessive Gene: Recessive genes affect the phenotype only when present in a homozygous condition. Recessive genes must be received from both parents before the phenotype caused by the recessive genes can be observed.


Reference Sire: A bull designated to be used as a benchmark in progeny testing other bulls (young sires). Progeny by reference sires in several herds enable comparisons to be made between bulls not producing progeny in the same herd(s).


Registered: Recorded in the herd book of a recognized breed association. The breed association issues a certificate that the animal is the offspring of registered parents and meets registration requirements.


Ruminant: An animal that chews its cud and has a stomach composed of four parts - the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasums. Cattle and sheep are ruminants.


Scale: Refers to the animal’s development in size and frame in terms of height, length, and width, rather than weight.


2017 JULY i TEXAS LONGHORN JOURNAL 119


Scrotal Circumference: A measure of testes size obtained by measuring the distance around the testicles in the scrotum with a circular tape. Related to semen-producing capacity and age at puberty of female sibs and progeny.


Scurs: Horny tissue of rudimentary horns that are attached to the skin rather than the boy parts of the head.


Seedstock: Foundation animals for establishing a herd.


Service: The ability or act of breeding.


Sheath: The tubular fold of skin into which the penis is retracted.


Sire Summary: Published results of national sire evaluation programs.


Stag: A male bovine castrated after sex characteristics are developed.


Steer: A male bovine castrated before sexual maturity.


Structural Soundness: The physical condition of the skeletal structure, especially feet and legs.


Switch: The tip of the tail where the hair is longest.


Trait: A distinguishing quality or feature. Weanling: A calf recently weaned.


Weight Per Day Of Age: A measure of weight gain usually from birth to weaning, or from birth to 1 year old.


Yearling: An animal about 1 year old or older.


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